倪超-瓣膜病

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Valvular Heart Disease
Ni Chao, M.D.
Division of Cardiology
Objectives
To understand the pathophysiology of the major VHDs
To learn how to examine the patient
To understand the principles of laboratory diagnosis 
To learn the fundamentals for treatment of cardiac valve abnormalities 
Mitral Stenosis
Etiology 
Almost always the result of rheumatic fever
Less common causes
Congenital MS
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Atrial myxoma 
Bacterial endocarditis. 
Epidemiology 
Rare in industrialized countries in patients

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