糖尿病肾病-Diabetic Nephropathy

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Statistical Increase in Diabetes
In the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of all patients with ESRD who have diabetes. According to the 1997 report of the USRDS, more than 40% of all newly treated patients with ESRD have diabetes.
Increasing Insulin Treatment in NIDDM
Renal Failure Cumulative Incidence.
Chronic renal failure was as likely to develop at a superimposable rate in both diabetic subsets. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of patients for each line.

Creatinine clearance. Further evidence of the similarity in course of diabetic nephropathy in type I (A) and type II (B) diabetes was presented in Ritz and Stefansky’s study of equivalent deterioration in creatinine clearance over the course of a decade. 
糖尿病肾病的发病机理（1）
肾内血动力学改变：

肾内血流动力学改变是指肾小球高滤过及肾小球高压。

动物实验，糖尿病模型建立后，即已存在肾小球的高滤过与肾小球肥大。

糖尿病肾病的发病机理（1）
高滤过是导致肾功能恶化的主要原因。在非糖尿病性5/6肾切除的动物模型中可见肾小球系膜基质增多，GBM增厚及阶段性肾小球硬化。
肾小球内高压是导致肾小球硬化的另一重要因素
糖尿病肾病的发病机理（2）
葡萄糖的毒性效应
高血糖可导致内皮细胞，系膜细胞的结构及功能的改变。高血糖促使系膜细胞合成更多的胞外基质。
持续的高血糖可使血浆蛋白及组织蛋白糖基化，导致晚期糖基化终末产物的生成。

糖尿病肾病的临床表现
Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型糖尿病患者都有很大的可能发展为糖尿病肾病，Ⅰ型糖尿病患者其肾病更为显著，进展也更为迅速，当发生了明显糖尿病肾病后，两型的临床表现则无很大差别。
临床上按照病理生理特点将Ⅰ型糖尿病肾病分为Ⅰ—Ⅴ期。
目前尚无Ⅱ糖尿病肾病的临床分期，但其发生糖尿病肾病时也大体经历高滤过，正常白蛋白尿，微量白蛋白尿，临床糖尿病肾病及慢性肾功能不全等几个阶段。

Stages of Nephropathy.
The interrelationships between functionaland morphologic markers of the stages of diabetic nephropathy are shown. Additional pathologic studies are needed to time with precision exactly when glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and glomerular mesangial expansion take place. 
Diabetic Nephropathy in Types I & II.
Whereas microalbuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration are subtle pathophysiologic manifestations of early DN, transformation to overt clinical DN takes place over months to many years. While not all microalbuminuric individuals progress to proteinuria and azotemia, the majorityare at risk for ESRD due to DN.
糖尿病肾病及慢性肾功能不全的预防
控制血糖
控制血压
低蛋白饮食
对AGES的治疗

Clinical recognition of diabetic nephropathy. The timing of reno-protective therapy in diabetes is a subject of current inquiry. Certainly, hypertension, poor metabolic regulation, and hyperlipidemia should be addressed in every diabetic individual at discovery.Discovery of microalbuminuria is by consensus reason to start treatment with an ACEI in either type of diabetes, regardless of BP elevation. However, nearly the entire course of renal injury in diabetes is clinically silent. Medical intervention during this “silent phase,” comprising BP pressure regulation, metabolic control, dietary protein restriction, and administration of ACEI is renoprotective, as judged by slowed loss of GFR.
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